Praised Pergamum Chapter 9

This chapter examines Revelation 2:12–17, the message to Pergamum, a city praised for its faithfulness even to the point of death. We will look at this passage in the context of a proposed covenant structure, which includes a messenger preamble formula, a historical prologue, ethical stipulations, sanctions in the form of curses and blessings, and a proclamation witness formula. We will also discuss the commission to write (γράψον, graphon 2:12) and the role of angels (ἄγγελος, angelos) as mediating messengers in more detail in Chapter 3: The Messenger's Commission. In this chapter, we will look closely at the description of the suzerain who has a sword, the suzerain's knowledge of where Satan has his throne, their knowledge of Antipas' death, their knowledge of those who hold to the teaching of Balaam and the Nicolaitans, the imperative to repent, and the curse and blessings of the suzerain.

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MESSENGER PREAMBLE FORMULA—2:12A.....P. 244

• Description of the suzerain who has a sword—2:12b.....P. 244
• Fig. 68. Replica of the Pompeii gladius sword.
• Fig. 69. Mycenaean replica swords.

HISTORICAL PROLOGUE—2:13–15 .....P. 247

• The suzerain knows where Satan has his throne—2:13a .....P. 247
• Fig. 70. Column of the Asclepion, Pergamum.
• Fig. 71. Statue of Asclepius.
• Fig. 72. Drawing of the Balaam text from Tell Deir ‘Alla.
• The suzerain knows they have remained faithful—2:13b .....P. 254
• The suzerain knows of Antipas’ death—2:13c .....P. 254
• The suzerain knows people who hold to the teaching of Balaam—2:14 .....P. 256
• The suzerain knows those who hold to the teaching of the Nicolaitans—2:15 .....P. 258

ETHICAL STIPULATIONS―2:16A .....P. 260

• Imperative: Repent —2:16a .....P. 260

SANCTIONS: CURSES―2:16B–C .....P. 261

• The curse of the suzerain’s presence—2:16b .....P. 261
• The curse of the suzerain’s war against them—2:16c .....P. 262

PROCLAMATION WITNESS FORMULA—2:17A .....P. 262
SANCTIONS: BLESSINGS—2:17B .....P. 263

• The blessing of hidden manna—2:17c .....P. 263
• The blessing of a new name—2:17d .....P. 265
• Fig. 73. Artist’s depiction of a high priest.
• Fig. 74. Ostracon found at Masada with the name Eleazar ben Ya’ir.
• Fig. 75. A bone token used as a theatre ticket.
• Fig. 76. Bone or ivory tessera (tesserae nummulariae) seal.
• Fig. 77. Roman tessera frumentaria (left) compared to a Euro cent coin (right).
• Fig. 78. Egyptian scarab beetle with an inscription.
• Fig. 79. A white stone pillar at Pergamum with names inscribed on it.

CONCLUSION .....P. 274

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Updated Dec. 1, 2023